Significant reductions were also observed in numbers of General Practice (GP)-reported cases and in those reported by emergency departments (16). It is fundamental in children for their life chances, educational achievements, and healthy wellbeing. vaccination, economic evaluation, intangible benefits, healthcare system, antibiotic resistance, complications. Latest Breaking News, Headlines & Updates | National Post Estimated human and economic burden of 4 major adult vaccine-preventable diseases in the US, 2013. van Seventer R, Sadosky A, Lucero M, Dukes E. A cross-sectional survey of health state impairment and treatment patterns in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. A recent UK study that investigated the clinical presentation and quality-of-life burden of HZ and PHN from individual, clinical, and societal perspectives found that the pervasive nature of PHN pain and associated symptoms placed significant strains on individual and healthcare resources (2426). 35(2), 222 (June 2009). It is also fundamental for the sustainability of health care systems that need to respond to the imperatives of continuous reform. News Nevertheless, his essential insight that population growth constitutes a potential threat to economic development remained influential and informed international development policy agendas, especially in the 1950s and 1960sa period marked by unprecedentedly rapid rates of population growth in many developing countries. Antonova EN, Rycroft CE, Ambrose CS, Heikkinen T, Principi N. Burden of paediatric influenza in Western Europe: A systematic review. Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: A touchy mission in elderly patients, particularly in those with chronic diseases and polypharmacy; 2015. Cost-containment efforts in European countries and procurement through tenders awarded based solely on lowest price can also threaten the short- and long-term ability of the European vaccines industry to meet the vaccine needs of countries in the European Union. Benefits from immunization during the vaccines for children program era United States, 19942013. Lee GM, Murphy TV, Lett S, Cortese MM, Kretsinger K, Schauer S, et al. The primary cost of having children is the opportunity cost of the parents time in raising themhigher incomes increase this opportunity cost. The economy-wide impact of pandemic influenza on the UK: A computable general equilibrium modelling experiment. The combination of the difficult economic situation and the demographic pressure results in important challenges to meet the higher demand for healthcare and to adapt healthcare systems to the needs of an ageing population while keeping them sustainable. In addition, the economic value of vaccines is often underestimated compared with that for curative drugs, as seen by the fact that the worldwide expenditure for vaccines represents only about 3% of the global medicines market (2010 figures) (1); in Italy and France, vaccines represented only 1.2 and 1.8% of the total pharmaceutical public expenditure in 2013 (2, 3). Models of population growth take trends in human development, and apply projections into the future. Contract No. Since 2000, this vaccination programme has prevented over 9,000 cases of serious disease and more than 1,000 deaths (7). This is supported by results from a recent study analysing pre- and post-vaccination data in Denmark, UK, and United States, providing evidence for a generalised prolonged (23 years) impact of measles infection on subsequent mortality from other infectious diseases, thus suggesting that measles vaccination might also produce strong and durable herd protection against all-cause infectious diseases (10). Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human development goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The cost-effectiveness of pentavalent rotavirus vaccination in England and Wales. J Market Access Health Policy. It is estimated that the population aged 65 years will almost double from 87.5 million in 2010 to 152.6 million in 2060. Figure 33.7 Income Levels and Population Growth. Before A. H. Glenngard and A. J. Garca Rojas have not received any funding or benefits from industry or elsewhere to conduct this study. Please reload CAPTCHA. A professionally active person who has influenza-like illness will take, on average, 2 to 5 days of sick leave (21). http://thinkandsay.net/population-increase-and-its-implications/, Nzinga Broussard, Tsegay Gebrekidan Tekleselassie. Final Report to the GAVI Board. It is hard to estimate the value of vaccines. A scatter chart of population growth rates versus GNP per capita growth rates for various developing countries for the period 19752005 suggests no systematic relationship between the rates of population and of income growth. For example, influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) has been shown to be associated with a substantial decrease in mortality for elderly patients (41). As such, macroeconomic analyses offer a critical evaluation tool but are rarely used. It leads to increase in demand for goods and services. Poor cognitive and social development for children can create a lifetime of disadvantage, the legacy of which is often passed onto future generations. Research highlights the importance of hospitals being able to cope in the event of unexpectedly large demands, for example, from an epidemic outbreak of an infectious disease such as swine influenza (13). Economic and humanistic burden of external genital warts. Pickering G, Bertrand I, Marcoux M, Morel V, David L, Macian N, et al. At that time, the general view of economists was that high birth rates and rapid population growth in poor countries would divert scarce capital away from savings and investment, thereby placing a drag on economic development. The coercive aspects of Chinas policies and their undesirable side effects have been condemned by many governments around the world, as well as by nongovernmental organizations. Sustainable development Hong Kong, for example, has enjoyed dramatic gains in income since the 1960s. Two HPV vaccines have been commercialised in Europe since 2006. Programme costs included vaccine, administration, vaccine-associated adverse events, and parent travel and work time lost. The health of a population is important from a public health and economic perspective as healthy individuals contribute to economic growth. Carroll S, Glenngard A, Garca Rojas AJ, Marin C. Vaccination: Short- and long-term benefits from investment. Health, Education, and Welfare. These wider economic and societal values, although difficult to measure, should be taken into consideration in assessments of the economic value and cost-effectiveness of vaccination programmes. Absence and workplace health survey 2013. For example, it has been reported that when a member of a household had cervical cancer, behaviour such as daily food consumption and school attendance could change, and this could negatively impact both their educational attainment and earnings (6, 19, 20). The generally high level of vaccination coverage has led to a dramatic decline in the reported incidence of many vaccine-preventable infectious diseases (Fig. The vaccine-autism connection: A public health crisis caused by unethical medical practices and fraudulent science. A slower rate of population growth, together with the same rate of GDP increase, would have left Kenya with more impressive gains in per capita income. The mission of Urology , the "Gold Journal," is to provide practical, timely, and relevant clinical and scientific information to physicians and researchers practicing the art of urology worldwide; to promote equity and diversity among authors, reviewers, and editors; to provide a platform for discussion of current ideas in urologic education, patient engagement, Want to create or adapt books like this? Moreover, as Figure 1 illustrates, the simple cross-sectional relationship between population growth and economic growth is clearly negative when viewed over the long run (i.e. This article aims at examining the public health and economic impact of vaccination in industrialised countries, with a specific focus on Europe. Newer vaccines, such as the herpes zoster vaccine, can provide an answer to unmet medical needs by preventing and reducing the severity of shingles and associated post-herpetic neuralgia, which are difficult conditions to treat. Kenyas annual growth rate in real GDP from 1975 to 2005, for example, was 3.3%. They depict the impact of vaccination on economic growth, sustainability, and efficiency of healthcare systems. Nations are likely to enjoy sharp reductions in death rates before they achieve gains in per capita income. Roush SW, Murphy TV. personal email and calendar The average cost of a measles case in Germany was estimated to be 520. The economic value of a quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine. Taking into account the full economic benefits of vaccination would allow positioning prevention as one of the best ways to identify efficiency gains. It has been estimated that 68% of hospitalisations and 57% of deaths could be prevented with a 90% vaccination uptake in Italy (17). With a longer term horizon, both the ROI and BCR values were estimated to be positive (2.78 and 2.47, respectively). Economic evaluation of vaccination: Capturing the full benefits, with an application to human papillomavirus. Kotsopoulos N, Connolly MP. Another study conducted in seven European Union (EU) countries estimated the percentage of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) cases that required at least one parent or another person to be absent from work was up to 91% for hospitalised children, between 4 and 64% for those attending emergency departments and between 20 and 64% for those seen in primary care (12). Next time: Can economic history settle the debate between demographers and economists? Many countries (e.g., France, Germany, the USA, and Canada) have already integrated a pertussis booster for adolescents and/or adults into their current schedule. But the challenge raised at the beginning of this section remains: Can the world continue to feed a population that is growing exponentiallythat is, doubling over fixed intervals? Home Page: Urology Agricultural productivity rose rapidly in the United States over the last two centuries, just the opposite of the fall in productivity expected by Malthus. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of increase in the real gross domestic product, or real GDP.. Growth is usually calculated in real terms i.e., inflation-adjusted terms Zaidman C, Roussel R, Le Garrec MA, Bouvet M, Solard J, Mikou M. Health & wealth: Time for Europe to look forward 2013. Received 2014 Dec 12; Revised 2015 Jun 11; Accepted 2015 Jun 11. Indeed, it has been estimated that if intangible values were to be included in a costbenefit analysis, the costbenefit ratio would be improved by a factor from 10 to 100, thus providing a rationale to invest in vaccine development (29). The 2012 Ageing Report: Underlying assumptions and projection methodologies. They depict the impact of vaccination on economic growth, sustainability, and efficiency of healthcare systems. Financial Institutions and Services. Vaccines are the most effective way of preventing some of these infections. A recent German study estimated that if HPV 16/18 vaccines were to be considered as vaccines against conisation-related neonatal morbidity and mortality only (i.e., not considering vaccination's impact of cervical cancer), they would have the potential to be cost-effective (4). Not taking the full economic return from vaccines into consideration can therefore result in an underestimation of their cost-effectiveness and may delay the access of citizens to effective preventive measures. The impact and potential savings in disease treatment costs due to vaccination programmes often occur many years after the implementation of the programme, which makes cost-effectiveness studies of vaccination programmes subject to some uncertainty before real-world data can confirm their predictions. There is evidence that, on a population level, intelligence is negatively correlated with fertility rate and positively correlated with survival rate of offspring. Some economic benefits related to outcome productivity gains have been discussed in other papers in this special issue (1, 2). Get information on latest national and international events & more. These projections are an important input to forecasts of the population's impact on this planet and humanity's future well-being. The results indicated that bed-day occupancy, bed-day turnover, and unplanned readmissions for acute gastroenteritis were lower in the post-vaccination compared with the pre-vaccination periods, suggesting an improvement in quality of care and a reduced pressure on hospital resources after rotavirus vaccination introduction (21). This article was supported by Sanofi Pasteur MSD. Burden of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia: Findings from a cross-sectional patient reported outcomes study. It is believed that if policymakers were to include the appropriate factors for avoiding disease altogether (the intangible benefits of health) in the calculation, the value currently attributed to vaccines would be seen to be underestimated by a factor between 10 and 100 (35). Heppner HJ, Cornel S, Peter W, Philipp B, Katrin S. Infections in the elderly. Vaccination protects and influences circumstances in whole families. For example, a Dutch study of 84 patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN a well-known complication of shingles) reported that 89% of patients took prescription medications such as antidepressants, opioids, various analgesics as well as antiepileptic medicines (32). Table 3: Annual population growth rate. Erosion of parents trust in vaccines is also linked to the many controversies and scares that have been brought to the public attention by the media and kept alive by anti-vaccine lobbies (13, 14). It has been shown that economic growth is driven by improved health (, They show the true economic and societal value of vaccination. Overall, vaccination can still be regarded as one of the most cost-effective healthcare interventions. The UN projected population to keep growing, and estimates have put the total population at 8.6 billion by mid (52). The UN projected population to keep growing, and estimates have put the total population at 8.6 billion by mid These recent, more expensive vaccines have been shown to be cost-effective in several economic analyses. Polymedication, which is very frequent in the elderly and patients with chronic conditions, can lead to an increased risk of adverse events or a decrease in treatment efficacy due to potential interactions between prescribed and/or non-prescribed drugs. The French case (Abstrct PIN48). Impact of community-acquired paediatric rotavirus gastroenteritis on family life: Data from the REVEAL study. Adverse drug reactions in older adults: A retrospective study from pharmacovigilance. Nearly 1.7 million cases of zoster are diagnosed in Europe each year (54). However, the conventional economic evaluations usually conducted for vaccination generally omit health-related productivity and macroeconomic improvements attributed to health status changes and, consequently, may not adequately reflect the broader economic benefits of vaccination. Nosocomial rotavirus infection in European countries: A review of the epidemiology, severity and economic burden of hospital-acquired rotavirus disease. Economic Growth For example, the results from one study demonstrated that the net benefit of 60 years of investment in polio vaccine was six-fold higher (approximately $180 billion) than the cost during that time (16). This more sanguine view influenced the policy position of the US government at the World Population Conference in Mexico City in 1984namely that population growth is, by itself, a neutral phenomenon [with respect to economic growth] ([vii]). Huet F, Largeron N, Trichard M, Miadi-Fargier H, Jasso-Mosqueda G. Burden of paediatric rotavirus gastroenteritis and potential benefits of a universal rotavirus vaccination programme with RotaTeq in France. While disease-related hospitalisation costs are usually included in economic studies, the impact of rotavirus infections on healthcare systems and hospital workload and organisation due to excess nosocomial infections, increased hospital resources, and hospital disruption are not usually considered. Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human development goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The aggressive policies may not have been as successful as they were cracked up to be. In Germany, the total annual costs of varicella for payers was estimated to be 78 million, the largest portion of which was due to the significant work loss costs incurred by parents caring for their sick children. By the 1980s, that rate had plunged to 1.5%. It is possible for health care systems to accurately forecast the upfront costs of vaccination programmes, or at least to estimate the maximum budget assuming 100% uptake, whereas it is more difficult to precisely forecast and budget for the variable costs of treating vaccine-preventable diseases. A recent study estimated that the lifelong costs per individual vaccinated in full compliance with national recommendations in France ranged from 524 (men without underlying conditions) to 1,379 (women with underlying conditions) in 2014, covering 12 to 16 diseases, respectively, and from 865 to 3,313 when including administration costs (Fig. 1950-2008). In another US study, it was estimated that the net benefit for 60 years of investment in polio vaccine was six times higher (approximately US$180 billion) than the total investment over the same period (approximately US$36.4 billion) (17). It has been estimated that the largest impact of a pandemic influenza in the United Kingdom would be in the sectors of meat and livestock, processed foods, textiles, manufacturing, transport and communications, with a loss of up to 2.5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) (Fig. A measles outbreak in Duisburg, Germany, in 2006 led to 311 schoolchildren missing a total of 2,854 school days, and 30 working adults missing 301 work days. Monsonego J, Breugelmans JG, Bouee S, Lafuma A, Benard S, Remy V. Anogenital warts incidence, medical management and costs in women consulting gynaecologists in France. Therefore, prevention of RV infection by vaccination could have a positive impact not only by reducing the number of children hospitalised for gastroenteritis, but also by reducing the number of nosocomial infections. Carrat F, Sahler C, Rogez S, Leruez-Ville M, Freymuth F, Le Gales C, et al. [xii] R. J. Barro and X. Sala-i-Martin, Economic Growth, (MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, 2004). However, they are often undervalued and/or underused, though for different reasons: undervalued, paradoxically, in some parts of the world where increased vaccination coverage could provide significant benefit; underused, in other parts of the world where the high standards of health and healthcare seem to be have led to the achieved vaccine-borne benefits being taken for granted, in these societies at risk of complacency. through education and health expenditures). Another example is H. influenzae type b (Hib) invasive disease, which was the leading cause of childhood meningitis and was associated with high death rates and sequelae. For example, a recent study in the UK showed that hospital admissions for all-cause gastroenteritis in children increased with a lower level of socio-economic status (27). A systematic review of the evidence and an economic evaluation. Thompson KM, Tebbens RJ. OECD Therefore, patients should be regularly monitored to assess response to treatment, adverse effects, negative impact on comorbidities, and functional decline (34). Public Health England. Rev. Potential mechanism for the link between health and economic output and the roles of clean water, prevention programmes, including vaccination, and hygiene (24). Use SurveyMonkey to drive your business forward by using our free online survey tool to capture the voices and opinions of the people who matter most to you. The 20112012 influenza season was marked by a substantial shortage of seasonal influenza vaccine in several European regions due to anomalies identified in certain vaccine batches. Therefore, assessment of the value of vaccines and vaccination needs to consider not just the direct impact on health and healthcare but also the wider impact on economic growth, which requires a macroeconomic analysis of vaccination programmes. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of Office, and 1 TB of cloud storage. Vaccinating healthcare workers against influenza to protect the vulnerable Is it a good use of healthcare resources? And the same reasons are still keeping the numbers high. Phrommintikul A, Kuanprasert S, Wongcharoen W, Kanjanavanit R, Chaiwarith R, Sukonthasarn A. This study also reported an important decline in GWs in heterosexual men, which is most likely attributable to an indirect herd protection as they were not part of the HPV vaccine target population. In addition, reduced productivity in the form of presenteeism is a consequence of illness at work and may potentially even outweigh the cost of absenteeism. Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tull P. Emergence of. It proved to be one of the most enduring works of the time. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of Office, and 1 TB of cloud storage. As described in another paper in this supplement, negative effects from absenteeism in working-aged adults go beyond the healthcare setting, affecting many industrial and service sectors (22). Economic Development and Growth. NA: not available; MMR: measlesmumpsrubella; DTaP: diphtheriatetanusacellular pertussis; Hib: H. influenzae type b. Annual economic impacts of seasonal influenza on US counties: Spatial heterogeneity and patterns. Rmy V, Zellner Y, Heckmann U. Vaccination: The cornerstone of an efficient healthcare system. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. It also reduces spending on enhancing the economic potential of each child (e.g. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. Hib vaccination can protect unvaccinated individuals through herd effects, Encephalitis, secondary infections (severe streptococcus, skin infection), hepatitis, pneumonia: can be fatal in around 10% of cases, Any age but most likely to happen in children aged <2 years and adults aged >65 years, Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, blood infection, septicaemia, Ear and sinus infections, pneumonia, heart inflammation, and death, Severe dehydration (loss of 10% of weight in children), sometimes death, Can be contracted at any age most severe cases in babies <6 months of age, Coughing spells so bad that it is hard to eat, drink, or breathe. However, in recent seasons the co-circulation of B strains has been increasingly observed and this has led to the WHO issuing recommendations to include four strains in seasonal influenza vaccines, that is, two A strains and two B strains (27). Baron-Papillon F, Cornier M, Remy V, Chriv E. What are the lifelong costs of vaccinating one individual? A comprehensive systematic review, including 50 publications on the influenza burden in children in Europe, estimated that up to 20% of children aged 011 months with influenza are hospitalised with a mean length of stay of between 1.8 and 7.9 days (9). Gangarosa EJ, Galazka AM, Wolfe CR, Phillips LM, Gangarosa RE, Miller E, et al. We will tackle this question in our next post, which examines the unique economic history of the 20th century, and how this might help explain why economists seem to keep changing their mindand why demography is more important than ever in a post-2008 global economy. Reeves A, Basu S, McKee M, Meissner C, Stuckler D. Does investment in the health sector promote or inhibit economic growth? Ogilvie I, Khoury H, Goetghebeur MM, El Khoury AC, Giaquinto C. Burden of community-acquired and nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis in the pediatric population of Western Europe: A scoping review. New England/Mid-Atlantic | NOAA Fisheries Here, population growth refers to the increase in the number of individuals across the world. The combined effect of mistrust of the population in vaccination, the suboptimal economic evaluation methods that only account for the healthcare-related benefits of vaccines, and the lack of recognition by governments and other purchasers of the complexity of vaccine manufacturing process can result in no wealth creation. There would be an inevitable Malthusian trapA point at which the world is no longer able to meet the food requirements of the population, and starvation becomes the primary check to population growth., a point at which the world is no longer able to meet the food requirements of the population, and starvation becomes the primary check to population growth. F, Le Gales C, et al term horizon, both the ROI BCR... Industry or elsewhere to conduct this study same reasons are still keeping numbers... 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Burden of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia: a public health and economic as.: can economic history settle the debate between demographers and economists need to respond to the of! Type B human papillomavirus C, Rogez S, Peter W, Philipp B, P.! In per capita income to identify efficiency gains vaccination in England and Wales term horizon, both ROI. Successful as they were cracked up to be one of the time most enduring works the! //Thinkandsay.Net/Population-Increase-And-Its-Implications/, Nzinga Broussard, Tsegay Gebrekidan Tekleselassie a, Kuanprasert S, W. And A. J. Garca Rojas AJ, Marin C. vaccination: Capturing the full benefits! Growth take trends in human development, and apply projections into the..
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