In April, the royal couple moved to their estate in Strehlen and from June to September to Pillnitz Castle, from where they went on nature and hunting trips to Moritzburg, Bad Schandau or the Tharandt Forest. [86] Kevin Gosine & Gordon Pon, On the Front Lines: The Voices and Experiences of Racialized Child Welfare Workers in Toronto, Canada (2011) 22 J of Progressive Human Services, 135 at 142. [32], CASs decisions are subject to procedural safeguards. Several U.S. and Canadian studies have found that differences can generally be accounted for by controlling for the proportions of children who enter the system, or controlling for risk factors such as poverty. [8] There are more Indigenous children in care today than there were in residential schools at the height of their use. The couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1878. Policies or procedures may themselves be based on unconscious racial stereotypes. Other clubs and institutions were the Gustavheim in Niederpoyritz for the care of old and infirm people, the convalescent station in Pillnitz, the cripple home in Trachenberge, from which today's Dresden Vocational Training Center (German: Berufsbildungswerk Dresden) emerged, which was an educational institution for "crippled" but mentally healthy children, as well as the establishment of three people's kitchens in Dresden Friedrichstadt, in the Leipziger Vorstadt suburb and in Lbtau as well as various soup establishments (German: Suppenanstalten) for children. Studies and consultations suggest it may exist within the culture of child welfare agencies in the form of negative stereotypes, different assessment thresholds, and differential treatment.[138]. Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. [11] In Ontario, children who are the subject of a child welfare investigation whose families run out of money for food, housing or utilities face approximately double the odds of being placed into care. Added to this was the supply of up to 18,000 French prisoners of war in the state capital alone. The assessment tool asks questions about the childs First Nations status, ethnicity and religious/spiritual affiliation. Estimate for Black children derived from this data. The population was 25,364 at the 2020 census. [110] The exception is a policy directive that requires CASs to use an assessment tool with children who have spent 12 consecutive months in care. Princess of Vasa 18331853 Childhood and youth. [87] One U.S. study found that even when poverty and other risk factors were controlled for, race influenced the decisions of child welfare workers to provide services and remove children. [143] To describe how we categorized children to do the quantitative analysis, we use the terms racial category and racial group, which include Indigenous children. [38] Indigenous children are over-represented at all points of child welfare decision-making. This included an increase in the taxation on land. Some CASs used terms that are outdated and may be perceived as offensive, such as Eskimo, Mulatto, Gypsy and Native. Some used the category Canadian only for White children and not for Indigenous children or children of other racial backgrounds, and two used religious backgrounds (Jewish and Muslim) as racial background categories. It permits the Minister to require CASs to collect race-based data and other kinds of personal information. 2. For this analysis, we needed two sets of data, broken down by racial category:[143] one on the numbers of children admitted into care at each agency, and one on the population of children in each agencys catchment area. [38], The funeral ceremonies of King John lasted until January 1874. Where notable racial disparities or disproportionalities exist in the quantitative data, organizations and institutions should: In the case of these inquiry findings, where a disproportionality indicator meets the threshold and shows an over-representation of Black or Indigenous children admitted into care, and/or a CAS has reason to believe that discriminatory barriers exist (e.g. [142] For more information, see Ontario Human Rights Commission, Your Guide to Special Programs and the Human Rights Code (Toronto: Queens Printer for Ontario, 2013) online: Ontario Human Rights Commission www.ohrc.on.ca/en/your-guide-special-programs-and-human-rights-code. Overall, human rights data collection can contribute to realizing the Codes vision of an inclusive and equitable Ontario. [36] Barbara Fallon et al, supra note 3; Catholic Childrens Aid Society of Toronto, supra note 6; Bryn King et al, supra note 6; Chantal Lavergne et al, Visible Minority, Aboriginal and Caucasians Children Investigated by Canadian Child Protective Services (2008) 87:2 Child Welfare 59; John Fluke et al, Research Synthesis on Child Welfare: Disproportionality and Disparities in Disparities and Disproportionality in Child Welfare: Analysis of the Research (New York: Center for the Study of Social Policy, 2011), online: Center for the Study of Social Policy www.cssp.org/publications/child-welfare type=child_welfare_alliance_for_race_equity&title=Child%20Welfare:%20Alliance%20for%20Race%20Equity (retrieved January 16, 2017); Elizabeth Bartholet et al, Chapin Hall Issue Brief: Race and Child Welfare (June 2011) Chapin Hall 1 online: chapinhall.org (retrieved October 12, 2017). [62] This may be driven by high numbers of referrals. [36] While Canadian data on Black children is far more limited, it and a wide body of research in the United States (U.S.) also show over-representation in the child welfare system. Overall, participants were not surprised that we found racial disproportionalities for Black children at several CASs, but expected these to be much higher. These issues require a multi-pronged response from government, CASs and civil society to create truly equitable outcomes for Indigenous and racialized children and families. [27] For definitions of missing data and unknown data see the glossary in Appendix B. Where the OHRCs data from CASs shows that Indigenous or Black children are over-represented among children admitted into care and this over-representation is noteworthy, CASs should take steps to further investigate whether the disproportionality is attributable to systemic racial discrimination or factors beyond the agencys control. In some situations, youth aged 18 and older may also voluntarily return to care to receive ongoing services. Responses from communities and organizations, 7.2. It has been handed down that Carola undertook spa stays and visited healing springs because she was not pregnant, which she continued to do later. Percentages equal or higher than +20% or equal or lower than 20% indicate data that is of sufficient concern to note and act on. These measures should include creating social programs that provide the necessary support for children and caregivers.[18]. Rich people like the merchants and moneylenders were, therefore, able to speculate in British land sales and drive out the most vulnerable peasant farmers. Although the Commission attempted to determine how many Black and other racialized families were affected, it could not because of a lack of race-based data.[126]. People trained in cultural competency and trauma-informed approaches should conduct focus groups and/or interviews to ensure the safety of Indigenous and racialized clients and staff, Examining any formal or informal human rights-related complaints that have been made against the agency. Environment of Agriculture), research institutes, zoological gardens, museums, educational bodies, TV and radio broadcasting or other related areas (organised by the student with support of the career services in the School of Biological Sciences). Carola did not come from the Vasa dynasty, as her name might suggest. [79] However, U.S. empirical research and qualitative studies show how agency- or worker-level bias may play out in child welfare. We used our inquiry powers under the Ontario Human Rights Code (Code) to collect race-based data from childrens aid societies (CASs) across the province to determine whether Indigenous and Black children are over-represented among children admitted into care. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, supra note 19 at 629. [64], Today, the figure of Carola, together with other historical personalities, regularly strolls through the baroque garden in the Franconian town of Bad Bocklet, where she stayed in the summer of 1857, as part of the Rondo historica. Our country/region pages include information on entry requirements, tuition fees, scholarships, student profiles, upcoming events and contacts for your country/region. Several described their equity plans or specialized programs and services they provide to help marginalized populations in their communities, such as dedicated teams to address the needs of Indigenous families. [53] Martin Chabot et al, Exploring Alternate Specifications to Explain Agency-Level Effects in Placement Decisions Regarding Aboriginal Children: Further Analysis of the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect Part B (2013) 37 Child Abuse & Neglect 61. [1] See the Glossary in Appendix B for how the OHRC characterized peoples racial backgrounds and Indigenous identities for this inquiry. [21] This is why the OHRC decided to use our inquiry powers under the Ontario Human Rights Code (Code)[22] to ask for data and examine racial disproportionality in the child welfare system in Ontario, particularly in admissions into care. To respect these distinct entitlements, Indigenous peoples must be distinguished from other communities and recognized as unique. [31] CFSA, ibid, s 15(3)(a); CYFSA, ibid, s 35(1)(a). [49] First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada, ibid, at para. See our recommendations in section 8. On 4 August 1877 Carola's father died at the Riverside Palace (German: Wasserpalais), one of the three main buildings of Pillnitz Castle complex in Dresden, and his residence during the last years of his life. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". [57] Nico Trocm et al, supra note 36; Melisa Brittain & Cindy Blackstock, supra note 44; Nico Trocm, Della Knocke & Cindy Blackstock, supra note 46; Vandna Sinha et al, Kiskisik Awasisak, supra note 46; Cindy Blackstock et al, Reconciliation on Child Welfare: Touchstones of Hope for Indigenous Children, Youth, and Families (Ottawa: First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada, 2006). From the original 47 CASs, we removed 20 agencies from the admissions analysis for these reasons: In addition to the methods described above, we examined research from Canada and the U.S. on racial disproportionality and disparity, looked at many of the policies and procedures given to us by CASs, and spoke to organizations and individuals who have been working on these issues to understand the key concerns. A positive percentage means that children of the racial group were over-represented among children admitted into care, and a negative percentage means that children of the racial group were under-represented among children admitted into care. [61] In 2013, approximately 8% of Black children in Ontario were the subject of a child welfare investigation for maltreatment, compared to 5% of White children. PREV The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EEIC, also rebelled against British rule. In one example, consultation participants told us that standards around the number of children allowed per bedroom are too onerous for Indigenous families living in poverty, and may not reflect a real risk to children. In later years, the couple also occasionally used the Rehefeld hunting lodge (German: Jagdschloss Rehefeld), a gift from Carola to her husband,[51] or the Sibyllenort Castle. On 16 July, The Crown Prince, as Prussia's ally, mobilized the Saxon troops, who were moved with him to the Rhine front. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 which allowed widows to remarry, like Christian women. Although Indigenous and racialized childrens pathways through the system are quite different, Ontario-based research shows that racial disparities that is, differences between racial groups at decision-making points in a service do exist. Depending on the programme of study, there may be extra costs which are not covered by tuition fees, which students will need to consider when planning their studies. To this end, the OHRC has made recommendations geared to government, CASs and the OACAS (see Section 8). The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the kala pani prohibition on sea travel. PREV [129] In 2013, approximately 13% of Indigenous children in Ontario were the subject of a child welfare investigation. Acknowledge that while generally, quantitative data cannot on its own prove discrimination, these disparities/disproportionalities raise serious concerns that organizations should proactively and transparently investigate. The Dowager Queen had been suffering from diabetes for some time, which later developed into a gradual infection of the bladder and kidneys. Leader of the British Conservative Party and future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief. As required by the Anti-Racism Act and as part of its Anti-Racism Strategy, the ARD is developing disaggregated race data collection standards and guidelines for government-funded organizations. He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had previously been denied by local practice. Although child welfare workers are required to assess each case objectively based on the criteria outlined in the CFSA, there is still room for subjectivity in decision-making. : (416) 314-4537 Tl. [72]Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its Mission to Canada, UNGAOR, 36th Sess, UN Doc A/HRC/36/60/Add.1 (2017) online: United Nations https://documents-dds ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/239/60/PDF/G1723960.pdf?OpenElement (retrieved October 17, 2017) [UN Working Group Report]; Frances Henry & Carol Tator, supra note 10. [80] Susan Chibnall et al, Children of Color in the Child Welfare System: Perspectives from the Child Welfare Community (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Government Printing Office, 2003) at ii. "SSI Monthly Statistics, January 2021," Pages 2-3. At eight of the 27 CASs (29.6%), Black children were over-represented in admissions into care, and at one agency (CAS of Ottawa) they were under-represented (3.7%). Parents who succumb to the incredible pressures exerted on them by structural inequality and inflict physical harm on their children are not offered the type of meaningful resources that can strengthen family relationships and prevent future incidences of violence. [10], Carola, like her mother, converted to Catholicism in 1852, against the strong opposition from her father. [101] Compared to youth from the general population, youth from the child welfare system are also at much greater risk for becoming involved with the juvenile criminal justice system,[102] a process referred to as the child-welfare-to-prison pipeline. Because of racial disparities in the child welfare system, Indigenous and Black children may be disproportionately likely to experience these negative effects.[103]. Rather than being a biological reality, race is socially constructed to create differences among groups with the effect of marginalizing some people in society. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. [8], Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. [33], The new state also knew how to exploit their work for its own purposes. In one Ontario study, racialized child welfare workers characterized the culture of the agencies they worked at as White-normed environments where workplace racism exists and stereotypes about Black service users are prevalent.[86]. Missing/unknown data may lead to underestimates of Black, White or Indigenous children admitted into care. As Prussia's demands, e.g. The 20% threshold factors in the impact of unexplained variables by creating a buffer zone. Several CASs said that they provide training to staff on collecting human rights and race-based data. The government should require by law that all CASs both mainstream and Indigenous collect human rights-based data, including race-based data, and poverty-related information. Human rights-based data collection in the child welfare system, 5.1.1. Prepare a review of the literature in the field related to your project or selected research area, using primary scientific literature. At the side of her husband, Carola dedicated herself to the charitable development of new social institutions in the Kingdom of Saxony. Dedham (/ d d m / DED-m) is a town in and the county seat of Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. [120] Peel Childrens Aid Society, Collecting Race Based Data (Mississauga: Peel Childrens Aid Society, 2016) online: Peel Childrens Aid Societywww.peelcas.org/documents/1079p_Becoming%20an%20Ally%20%20Collecting%20Race%20Based%20Data%20for%20web%202017.pdf (retrieved October 16, 2017). Online: Statistics Canada www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/ref/guides/99-010-x/99-010-x2011009-eng.pdf (retrieved April 22, 2015) at 4. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. For more information on the representation of Indigenous children admitted into care in different Ontario regions, see the interactive map. Overall, childrens aid societies responses to our requests for data were very positive. [43], With Carola's accession to the throne, Saxon social welfare received important funding impulses. Child protection issues can arise from factors such as risk of physical harm due to a caregivers action or a pattern of neglect, sexual abuse or exploitation, a lack of needed medical treatment for physical and/or mental health concerns, or emotional harm. The TRC has urged all levels of government to, among other things, monitor and assess neglect investigations, provide Indigenous communities with adequate resources to keep families together, keep Indigenous children in culturally appropriate environments and make sure CAS workers receive training about the history and impacts of residential schools. We encourage CASs, government and others to clearly recognize Indigenous peoples as distinct peoples and nations when considering data collection and other aspects of service delivery. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. of Canada: Calls to Action (Winnipeg: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 2015). During the inquiry, we continually heard feedback from CASs about our approach. At one CAS (York Region CAS), White children were over-represented (3.7%), and at eight agencies, White children were relatively proportionally represented. There was no specific legislation[109] or policy directive[110] that required CASs to collect data based on racialized or Indigenous identity across their service decisions or report on it publically. Many CASs do not know or are missing data on the racial backgrounds of relatively large numbers of children across service decisions, such as the decision to investigate a case, or place a child into care. In September 1892, King Albert created the Carola Medal (German: Carola-Medaille), which was awarded for helpful charity. In addition to the noticeable decrease in her strength, she had scattered a large number of framed photographs of deceased relatives on their deathbeds in her bedchamber, intended to remind her of her own impermanence. [92] They may hold negative stereotypes about Indigenous and Black families. Overall, the proportion of Indigenous children admitted into care was 2.6 times higher than their proportion in the child population. Second, to understand whether Indigenous and Black children and youth are over-represented in admissions to care, we compared race-based admissions data[26] from 27 mainstream CASs to customized Statistics Canada data from the National Household Survey 2011 (NHS 2011) identifying the proportion of each racial and Indigenous group in the child population. Many can be linked to historical and ongoing racial discrimination in society, and are broader than discrimination that may happen in CAS decision-making. Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, KC, FAA, FRS (/ m n z i z /, MEN-zeez; 20 December 1894 15 May 1978) was an Australian politician who was the 12th and longest-serving prime minister of Australia, holding office for over 18 years from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1949 to 1966.He played a central role in the creation of the Liberal Party of Australia, defining its [33]CFSA, ibid, s 2(2)(b); CYFSA, ibid, s 15(4). There may also be additional costs for printing and binding. [46] The rate of neglect only investigations for First Nations children is six times higher than that of non-Aboriginal children. Her only sibling, Prince Louis, was born and died [95] Keva M. Miller, Katharine Cahn & E. Roberto Orellana, supra note 87. A miscarriage of a daughter in the 4th month of pregnancy (19 December 1853). Overall, the proportion of Black children admitted into care was 2.2 times higher than their proportion in the child population. Course content, School of Biological Sciencesg.arnott@qub.ac.uk, School of Biological Sciencesh.kunc@qub.ac.uk. 16- and 17-year-olds. Poverty and marginalization are also often a factor in the minority of family court cases that involve allegations of physical abuse. Renu Mandhane, B.A., J.D., LL.M. In particular, we reviewed the amount of missing/unknown race-based data in referrals, decisions to open investigation cases and admissions into care. [44] Melisa Brittain & Cindy Blackstock, First Nations Child Poverty: A Literature Review and Analysis (Ottawa: First Nations Childrens Action Research and Education Service, 2015). Because these have not yet been fully implemented, it remains to be seen whether they will help organizations to properly assess racial disproportionalities and disparities and eliminate potential systemic discrimination. [25] The couple then moved into a spacious apartment in the Taschenbergpalais. [28]Child and Family Services Act, RSO 1990, c C 11 [CFSA] s 1(1). small proportions of Black children in the population. [8] Statistics Canada. Students undertaking a period of work placement or study abroad, as either a compulsory or optional part of their programme, should be aware that they will have to fund additional travel and living costs. We were told that these standards can affect what is seen as acceptable in a home and contribute to CAS decisions to intervene. There, Albert often visited his fiance in the coming months. If you need to improve your English language skills before you enter this degree programme, INTO Queen's University Belfast offers a range of English language courses. [93] Ontario Human Rights Commission, Under Suspicion, supra note 14; Gordon Pon et al, Racial Profiling in Child Welfare: The Need for a Black CAS (Paper presented to the Ontario Human Rights Commission and York University Racial Profiling Policy Dialogue, 16-18 February, 2016). 2016. [25] With this information, we first conducted a review of CASs human rights-based data collection practices, with an emphasis on whether they collect race-based data. Proactively address human rights concerns, Measure the progress of equity-based initiatives, Gain trust with communities and stakeholders who may be concerned about racial disparities and disproportionalities in child welfare. When the peace treaty between Prussia and Saxony was signed in Berlin on 21 October, the Crown Princely couple returned to Dresden in November. Data tables, 2016 Census. Last Updated January 16, 2018. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH= In 1888, Carola and her husband made an official visit to Sweden. New and incumbent child protection workers and managers should be required to undergo training on how to collect human rights-based data. Association of Iroquois and Allied Indians, Association of Native Child and Family Services Agencies of Ontario, Kate Schumaker and Tanya Morton, Catholic Childrens Aid Society of Toronto, Nicole Bonnie, Childrens Aid Society of Toronto, Cindy Blackstock, First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada, McGill University School of Social Work, Vandna Sinha, McGill University - School of Social Work, Ministry of Children and Youth Services Child Welfare Secretariat, Office of the Provincial Advocate for Children and Youth, Ontario Association of Childrens Aid Societies, Ontario Federation of Indigenous Friendship Centres, Justice Donald McLeod, Ontario Court of Justice, Justice Stanley Sherr, Ontario Court of Justice, Mohamed Malik, Peel Childrens Aid Society, Bryn King and Barbara Fallon, University of Toronto Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, OntarioCommission Data should be collected on important service decisions, such as decisions to investigate and place children into care. Lorne Foster, Les Jacobs & Bobby Siu, Race Data and Traffic Stops in Ottawa, 2013-2015: A Report on Ottawa and the Police Districts (2016) online: Ottawa Police Service www.ottawapolice.ca/en/news-and-community/Traffic-Stop-Race-Data-Collect (retrieved November 7, 2016) However, they said that Indigenous children are over-represented in care to a far greater extent than the findings suggest, specifically at Indigenous agencies, which were not included in our sample. We limited this analysis to the 38 CASs that serve children of all racial and Indigenous backgrounds (mainstream CASs) because we were most concerned about the potential for systemic racial discrimination at these agencies. A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half-month of pregnancy (17 January 1856). [51] First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada, Canada Knows Better and Is Not Doing Better: Federal Government Documents Show Ongoing Discrimination Against First Nations Children Receiving Child Welfare Services on Reserve and In The Yukon (Ottawa: First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada, 2015) online: First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada https://fncaringsociety.com/publications/canada-knows-better-and-not-doi (retrieved January 16, 2018). et al, ibid; John Fluke et al, ibid. Many also have unique programs and services in place to assist marginalized clients. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. And implemented a Family service plan, along with supervised visits with her children backgrounds were missing or unknown as. 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