What are the risk factors associated with lung cancer? The large ribosomal subunit then goes on to bind to the complex formed by the small ribosomal subunit, the mRNA, and the tRNA. As RNA is synthesized in transcription, it can curl into a three-dimensional shape that is dictated by ______ within the molecule. breaking of doublestranded DNA during gene transmission. The student placed the cap from the tube on the bench top. Describe the construction of a recombinant plasmid containing the gene for luciferase and the insertion of the plasmid into a bacterial cell by placing the steps in order. Lagging strand, DNA ligase, and discontinuous. (Hint: Step 1. carbohydrates function as membrane channels. Choose the statement that best describes why the DNA binding domains of the Lac repressor are not visible in the crystal structure when inducer is bound. The hairpin contains G:C, A:U, and sometimes G:U base pairs. Select the reasons why no expression would be seen in the bacterial cell for the insulin gene. One of the two What method of gene expression allows one gene to code for multiple proteins due to different combinations of exons spliced together? The final RNA template for protein synthesis in eukaryotes is different from the RNA that was produced from the DNA template because of, What is the start codon? Which of the following characteristics of a chromosome would identify it as a prokaryotic chromosome rather than a eukaryotic chromosome? How is it carried out. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following choices correctly matches a tool and its proper application?, Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____., Organelles of the endomembrane system The various parts of the endomembrane system serve different functions in the cell. Place the events in chronological order, starting from the poisoning and ending with the death of the victim. Forms the outer barrier of the cell 3. In eukaryotes, transcription factors and enhancer sequences are used to regulate transcription. Another tRNA molecule then binds to the A site, and peptidyl transferase catalyzes the creation of a peptide bond between this new amino acid and the amino acid attached to the tRNA located at the P site. Chromatin and chromosome are two types of condensed structures of the DNA molecules appearing in different stages of the cell. a. phosphodiester b. hydrogen c. peptide d. glycosidic, An RNA chain elongates in what direction? For each of the listed medications, indicate whether the drug discovery was accidental or the result of product screening or targeted design. b. can alter nitrogenous bases of DNA, resulting in incorrect base pairing. The synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called _______. B. Other Quizlet sets. In prokaryotes, BOTH transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Consider the currently accepted fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. A codon is a group of three bases that can specify more than one amino acid. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The average mammalian cell contains _____ ribosomes., Ribsomes were first observed in the mid 1950s by, Ribosomes are made of and more. Which of the following statements about mutations is false? A mutation in the 10 promoter sequence in bacteria can lead to. The final RNA template for protein synthesis in eukaryotes is different from the RNA that was produced from the DNA template because of, What is the start codon? The arrow shows the direction of migration of the DNA samples during electrophoresis. Increase the pH. Which scientist's X-ray diffraction data helped to demonstrate the double helix structure of DNA? Each tRNA molecule contains Initiation Factor3 and Initiation Factor1. Determine which image represents base excision repair, which represents nucleotide excision repair, and which represents end joining. Figure 7: The main events in each stage of translation. Match the repair system with the type of damage it can repair. What types of proteins does the carboxylterminal domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II recruit to the premRNA? 61 terms. Modifications to the DNA, such as methylation, that do not change the nucleotide sequence but do affect gene expression are called _____ modifications. Benzopyrene Nitrous acid 5-bromouracil, Which of the following describes how 5-bromouracil might create a mutation? UV rays, X-rays, some chemicals found in tobacco, and radioactive fallout are all examples of ____ , agents that can damage DNA and cause mutations. Three examples (A, B, and C) of DNA damage and repair are shown. Michely_C. which is essential to the protein's function. Weight Training Unit. Activators are more common than repressors in eukaryotes. a. Select the items that play a part in initiation of translation. Each answer may be used more than once or not at all. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1 4, d, d and more. David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. In DNA replication, enzymes called ligases, After DNA replication, chromosomes consist of two. Which of the following might result in a frameshift mutation? and more. Genes that control the formation of an organism's body parts and therefore profoundly influence animal evolution are called _____ genes. Select all the ways that genomic sequencing can help guide effective use of imatinib mesylate, or Gleevec, in cancer chemotherapy. Eukaryotic messenger RNA can undergo post synthetic processing after transcription and before translation. Where does RNA polymerase begin transcribing a gene into mRNA? The tRNA returns to the ribosome with the amino acid, binds to the complementary bases of the mRNA codon, and the amino acid is added to the end of polypeptide chain as the RNA molecules move through the ribosome. Determine whether each event occurs during initiation, elongation, or termination. Also, determine the correct sequence of bases for tRNA and the correct amino acid for the tRNA (refer to the genetic code to determine the amino acid that is coded). However, the ribonucleotide base complements differ slightly as RNA does not contain thymine, but rather a uracil, and so adenines complement is uracil. 3. each tRNA has an anticodon (complementary to the codon on the mRNA strand); ribosome places start codon to attract its anticodon Other Quizlet sets. Bring Albert to your school and empower all teachers with the world's best question bank for: Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. During this multistep process a nucleoside is added to the end of the mRNA and then modified. Arrange the steps that would be used in a laboratory to engineer a bacterium that could express the human gene coding for insulin. Determine whether the phrases describe type I topoisomerases, type II topoisomerases, or both type I and type II topoisomerases. Mutations in the middle bases of a codon in an mRNA do not always lead to changes that affect the function of the protein coded for by that mRNA. The promoter is brought closer to the enhancer by somatic rearrangements. Which statement concerning activator and repressor proteins in eukaryotes is true? More than one polypeptide may be possible for each reading frame type.`. What is the function of the promoter in the E. coli lac operon? What is the inducer molecule in the lac operon? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What are the products of semiconservative replication for a double-stranded DNA molecule?, Why is DNA replication essential for a cell?, What is the function of the parental DNA in replication? Genes that are active in most of the body's cell are called _____ genes. Transcription and translation are two stages in the process of gene ____. Translation refers to the conversion of something from one language or form to another. leeannhalpin. What is the importance of the branch point in introns? What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction? a. connecting tRNA b. ribosomal RNA c. leading strand of mRNA d. template strand of DNA. b. contains fragments of the host chromosome instead of the viral genome. What enzyme adds complementary bases to exposed single strands of DNA during DNA replication? Because one of the two strands of a replicated DNA molecule is newly synthesized and the other is the original template, DNA replication is said to be a ______ process. The polymerase would dissociate from the DNA. What generally causes thymine dimers to form in a strand of DNA, and why are thymine dimers a problem? A silent mutation is so named because __________. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Arrange the following parts and processes of eukaryotic gene expression in chronological order. Identify the true statements about RNA interference. So that it could be copied during transcription. Match the transcript and each of the three molecules that result from processing. DNA structure and gene function. leeannhalpin. Ribosomes are made up of two unequal subunits that contain at least one rRNA and several proteins. Which of the following statements about the function of RNA polymerase is correct? During elongation, how is the RNA synthesized? Chapter 9. Identify the key structural features of a DNA molecule. Attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release are the stages of, Adhering to a receptor molecule on the cell's surface, At the beginning of a viral infection, a virus attaches to a host cell by, Genetic material of the virus enters the cell, During the penetration stage of viral infection, During the release stage of a viral infection. What symtom of influenza infection is due to dead and damaged host cells in the airway? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA? and more. If the sequence ATGCATGTCAATTGA were mutated such that a base were inserted after the first G and the third T were deleted, how many amino acids would be changed in the mutant protein? and more. Show your work. 1. a) On the inside (cytoplasmic) surface b) In the interior and on the inside surface, but not on the outside surface c) On either surface of the membrane, but not How frequently do silent mutations occur? Duplex RNA is cleaved by the Dicer enzyme complex. b. Place the events of gene regulation by the lac operon in order of their occurrence, from the introduction of lactose to the environment to when the cell begins to digest lactose. After analyzing the results, the student is disappointed to find a large gap in the alignment of his contigs. lagging strand = single stranded/leading strand = double stranded. Which factor is NOT considered by Lipinski's rules? During a lysogenic infection, some viral proteins respond to signals in the cell and trigger entry of the virus into _____ , in which new viruses are assembled and the host cell is killed. Which of the following are possible locations where ribosomes serve as sites for protein synthesis in a eukaryotic cell? Assume that there is enough restriction enzyme that every possible restriction site on each molecule of DNA will be cut. How can specialized transduction contribute to the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in a bacterial population? The OH group of an intron branch point attacks a nulceotide at the 5' splice site. Why is primase not continually needed in the replication of the leading strand? A ____ is a portion of mRNA that is about 1000 nucleotides long and that is removed before translation. a. There is a different tRNA molecule for each of the different codons of the mRNA strand. This is referred to as the central dogma. Move the labels to their appropriate targets on the curves. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA? (Select all that apply). Suppose that a hapless graduate student has forgotten to label four different sample tubes that contained thermophilic archaea, bacteria, singlestranded DNA viruses, and doublestranded RNA viruses. a. Transduction transfers DNA from the chromosome of one cell to another. Not all steps will be placed. These sequences are known as cis-acting elements. a. In this activity, Select the specific mechanisms by which certain antibiotics interfere with translation. Choose all of the statements that describe the benefits of combinatorial control of transcription in a eukaryotic multicellular organism. This may have contaminated the cap. Forms the outer barrier of the cell 3. The ribosome dissociates from the mRNA after the stop codon is recognized by a protein. What checkpoint monitors the cell's supply of DNA nucleotides during DNA replication? Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. Select reasons that explain why error correction is not as necessary in RNA polymerases as it is in DNA polymerases. This binds with the ATP to form a complex which can react with a tRNA molecule, forming a covalent bond between the two. Classify the statements as true or false. What is the initial target of RNA polymerase? What is the most likely explanation? In earthworms, the clitellum is used in a. digestion b. excretion. What effect would this have on the pressure in the outer core? Which RNA molecule is associated most closely with both ribosomes and translation? The tRNA returns to the ribosome with the amino acid, binds to the complementary bases of the mRNA codon, and the amino acid is added to the end of polypeptide chain as the RNA molecules move through the ribosome. Not all events will be placed. DNA is required to be packed into the eukaryotic nucleus for its existence. In biology, translation is the process whereby messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA, synthesizes proteins mRNA is converted to proteins. a. The bacterium can then transcribe the section of the viral gene to create CRISPR/Cas9 complexes. Which of the following steps occurs last in the initiation phase of translation? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1 4, d, d and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like PART A - Analyzing the data Tables like the one shown here are useful for organizing sets of data representing a common set of values (in this case, percentages of A, G, C, and T) for a number of different samples (in this case, species). What is considered to be the average natural mutation rate that occurs during DNA replication? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 4. 34 terms. How would one increase the concentration of a particular polypeptide in a cell? The DNA double helix resembles a twisted ladder, where the rails of the ladder(also called the backbones)are composed of deoxyribose sugars and _____ groups joined by covalent bonds, while the rungs of the ladder are composed of A-T and G-C base pairs joined by _____ bonds. Select all the choices that apply. He showed that the DNA from strain S cells could transform strain R cells. 47 terms. When is a substitution mutation "silent"? Classify each description as applying to either heterochromatin or euchromatin. The first virus ever discovered was _____ , a virus that infects over 120 plant species. Uniform Parentage Act. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like a) They are composed of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing group, and one or more phosphorus containing groups. There three sequences are called _____ codons. Why is the tryptophan operon turned off in the presence of tryptophan? e) nonpolar ends of phospholipids are exposed to water inside and outside the cell. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction photograph demonstrated that DNA. Weight Training Unit. They can occur in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes during transcription. Insertions and deletions usually lead to which of the following types of mutations? Identify the mRNA transcript that would be produced from this DNA sequence. What is the function of tRNA? A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule. Select the characteristics that researchers suspected the genetic material would have prior to the discovery that the genetic material was DNA. Why does conjugation between an Hfr strain and an F- strain not result in two Hfr strains? Place an asterisk * next to 3' carbon atoms in the polynucleotide shown. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the elongation phase of transition, a _____ bond is formed between the incoming _____ acid and the growing polypeptide chain, and empty tRNAs are released from the ribosome to be reused., _____ in DNA may arise spontaneously as errors in replication, or they can be induced by external agents, like 1. requires the pairing of codons on tRNA with anticodons on mRNA. Multiple proteins are involved in DNA replication, and each protein has a unique role. If a DNA sequence is altered from TAGCTGA to TAGTGA, what kind of mutation has occurred? What is the purpose of RNA processing in eukaryotic cells? Hairy ears are a Y-linked trait. RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA, whereas RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA, and RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA. Rosalind Franklin had also contributed important work, but she had died by the time prize was awarded. Complex transposons code for additional genetic elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes; simple transposons only code for the transposase gene essential for the tranposon itself. Based on this information, what type of mutation did you induce? a. What findings did Watson and Crick make from this image? c) involves copying RNA from DNA molecules. Labs. The covalent bond between the tRNA molecule at the P site and its amino acid is broken, releasing this tRNA to the E site (exit site) before it is released from the mRNA molecule entirely. Determine if gene conversion occured for each possible outcome of repair shown. a gene cluster controlled by a single promoter that transcribes to a single mRNA strand. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following are the two new nucleotides that have been created by the company Synthorx? What characteristic of the S strain allows it to evade the immune system of the mice? Which of the following is the best answer to her question? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? Chapter 11 RNA function. Which types of posttranslational modifications a newly synthesized protein may undergo? They are initiated by sequences in the RNA itself. Create a map of the DNA segment by dragging the enzyme name to the location it cuts (the vertical lines above the segment) and labeling the fragments with their lengths (numbers, in kilobases). As DNA Polymerase iii holoenzyme advances, it must displace the SSB protein in order that base pairing of the nucleotide being added can occur. Once the cap is placed back on the tube, the bacteria on the cap may contaminate the culture within the tube. What and where are the chemical bonds that helicase breaks to unwind the DNA? 3. each tRNA has an anticodon (complementary to the codon on the mRNA strand); ribosome places start codon to attract its anticodon Other Quizlet sets. The main function of the SSB protein is Prevents reannealing in the Replication process. In a DNA molecule, ______ bonds form between nitrogenous bases, such that A (adenine) pairs with its complement ______, and G (guanine) pairs with its complement ______. Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of _______, which is composed of uncondensed DNA and associated proteins. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the information encoded on the genes in their DNA to synthesize proteins. f. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all produced by transcription. Why is a cap added to mRNA, but not to tRNA or rRNA? Michely_C. The promoter is a region of DNA at the start of the lac operon, where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription of the lactose genes. When a cell needs a protein product, the unwinds to expose the section of containing a specific segment of nucleotides. Persons taking warfarin must be careful about taking other drugs, particularly those that bind to human serum albumin. Chain elongation occurs when the subunit dissociates from the DNA strand, allowing the growing RNA strand to separate from the DNA template strand. Michely_C. Chapter 9. Neither process can occur without the other. c. stay healthy, because their immune systems can kill this strain easily. tRNA. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA? First, whereas all genes are transcribed by a single RNA polymerase in bacteria, eukaryotic cells contain multiple different a. Sydney is studying a worm in science lab. A. aminoacyl tRNA synthetase B. an activated amino acid C. a charged amino acid D. a cognate amino acid, 1. Which of the statements describes what happens during mismatch repair of DNA? These variations may affect the function of the DNA segment. c. The cells must come into contact with each other. The expression of selected _____ accounts for the specialization of cells like white blood cell, muscle fibers, and nerve cells. How do complex transposons differ from simple transposons? Then, answer the two questions. Figure 6: The overview of the process of translation. binds to the tRNA, amino acids, and smaller subunit. The abbreviation "Ub" represents ubiquitin. Labs. The table shows the nucleotide content of each sample, except for the nucleotide uracil, which is excluded. This is accomplished by the production of a chain of amino acids (a polypeptide chain) determined by the chemical information stored by a specific strand of mRNA. The term prion is an abbreviation that stands for. a phosphodiester bond between the OH group of the pentose ring on the last nucleotide added to the growing strand and the alpha phosphate of the newly added nucleotide. The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____. What is the speed of light in the medium? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Lesson 1 - Introduction to Genetics, Genetics is the study of ___., A distinguishing characteristic or quality is a(n) _____. b. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like - where is the reaction rate constant - In which region is the enzyme saturated with substrate? Which of the enzymatic activities is not required as part of the CRISPR/Cas9 system? d. It can replace the base thymine, and can base pair with guanine rather than adenine. The enzyme that is responsible for catalyzing the process of transcription is called ____ _____. Which of the following is NOT involved in the process of translation initiation? DNA structure and gene function. a. Label the tRNA and mRNA with the appropriate terms. Match each description to a phase of transcription in humans. Chemical or physical agents that increase the chance of mutation are called _____ . b. mistakes by DNA polymerase. Transcription is initiated c. Functional proteins appears d. mRNA is produced e. Transcription enzymes find gene f. Introns are removed g. Transcription elongation occurs, Use the DNA What is another name for precursor cells? Determine whether each of the images and properties represents of describes the A form, B form, or Z form of DNA. Transcription produces which of the following? Transcription Produces RNA Complementary to One Strand of DNA. Which of the following is an advantage of using monoclonal antibodies as drugs? The student placed the cap from the tube on the bench top. An enzyme known as peptidyl transferase is released and forms a peptide bond between the amino acids transported by the two tRNA molecules. The covalent bond between the amino acid and tRNA at the P site is broken and the tRNA is released. a. C b. G c. U d. T, RNA polymerases join nucleotides through what kind of bond? Use the linear restriction map to predict where bands would be expected on a gel if a digest is performed using the specified restriction enzymes. RNA that has hydrogen bonded to itself forms a. This can be seen in Figure 4. c. The R strain picked up the S strain DNA, enabling it to produce a capsule. c. reproduction. Which plate indicates that the human insulin gene was successfully inserted in the plasmid? Which components of the prokaryotic 30S initiation complex are required for protein synthesis? Determine whether the statements describe DNAbinding domains, activation domains, or both. In bacteria, a _____ is a group of genes under control of a single promoter. 1. At the beginning of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the _____ on the DNA. mackenziebrad24 PLUS. a. How is generalized transduction different from specialized transduction? 92 terms. This is the first stage of protein production or the flow of information within a cell. Enzyme function is increased if the 3-D structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized, one nucleotide at a time, by adding activated monomers to a growing chain. Select all of the following that are true about meiosis. a. Conjugation is typically disrupted before the fertility factor can be transferred. Exam 2 review. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Adenine; Guanine, About Genomes, Components of Chromosomes and more. peptide bonds between the amino acids to produce the polypeptide chain. Which structure carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome? DNA is composed of units called _____, each of which contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In RNA, which base pairs with the base A? Classify each feature as describing prokaryotic DNA structure or eukaryotic DNA structure. How does the process of translation in prokaryotes differ from translation in eukaryotes? This method of replication is utilized by retroviruses, such as HIV, and produces altered DNA, which can be incorporated directly into a host cell, allowing rapid reproduction. The mismatch-repair enzymes can use a lack of methylation to identify and remove newly synthesized DNA. These thymines are then misread during the production of mRNA. Once polymerase binds to the primer and template, replication of the leading strand proceeds continuously with the replication fork. Of the components of the replication fork, which does not have direct contact with DNA? DNA polymerase moves down a DNA strand in the ____ direction and thus replicates the new strand of DNA in the ____ direction. Match the types of polypeptide that the scientist predicts would be produced by different reading frames from the sequence 5GAGAGAGAGAGA3 to the associated genetic code hypothesis. c. So it could This segment of nucleotides carries the information for producing the protein product and is called a. Classify each feature as describing euchromatin, heterochromatin, or both. Explain two ways in which recombinant bacteria are used for human applications. A. Transcription is initiated c. Functional proteins appears d. mRNA is produced e. Transcription enzymes find gene f. Introns are removed g. Transcription elongation occurs, Use the DNA Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Lesson 1 - Introduction to Genetics, Genetics is the study of ___., A distinguishing characteristic or quality is a(n) _____. Subunits called ____ are the building blocks of nucleic acids, as determined by scientists by about 1930. To code for enzymes involved in catabolizing lactose. CRISPR sequences are only found within the genomes of prokaryotes. These differ slightly in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms: in prokaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes, translation takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. Assume that all promoters are wild type. After an RNA molecule is transcribed from a eukaryotic gene, what are removed and what are spliced together to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence? Which term describes the new chain of DNA that begins at the replication fork and is synthesized in discontinuous fragments? Select the characteristics of translation. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Consider the currently accepted fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. c. a single copy of each of its chromosomes. Although transcription proceeds by the same fundamental mechanisms in all cells, it is considerably more complex in eukaryotic cells than in bacteria. DNA is required to be packed into the eukaryotic nucleus for its existence. In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is altered before it leaves the nucleus. This is referred to as the central dogma. What most likely explains the recovery of live S strain cells from a mouse injected with heat-killed S strain mixed with live R strain cells? The cap of the tube was not handled correctly. Which DNA lesion is repaired by mismatch repair? b. A. RNA processing B. gene expression C. polypeptide formation D. transcription E. translation, What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of If foxes disappear, all other populations will grow. Which statement best describes polyribosomes? X rays and gamma rays cause which of the following types of problems in DNA? A peptidyl site and an aminoacyl site are formed on the mRNA molecule for further binding with tRNA. Classify the statements regarding mRNA splicing as true or false. What is the key feature of DNA that allows it to be copied?